That means if the land we mine once grew crops, it must be able to do so again after reclamation. The cost to reclaim one acre of land averages about 20,000 and can run as high as 50,000. BNI Coal has also invested tens of millions of dollars in the equipment necessary for the reclamation process. We will continue to remain at the forefront ...
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Coal resources have always been in a very important position in the structure of nonrenewable energy in the world [1,2].China is the main coal energy consumer in the word and coal mining has made great contributions to local economic development for years [].According to the statistics, seventyfive percent of the added value of global coal production comes from openpit coal mines.
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The Surface Mining and Reclamation Division also administers a program to reclaim dangerous or environmentally harmful abandoned mine sites that were mined prior to the implementation of the federal surface mining law in 1975 to ensure the safety of the public and protect the environment by eliminating these hazardous abandoned mines throughout the state.
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Land reclamation in coal mining areas is a longterm dynamic process, and its ecosystem structure and function require a certain amount of time to develop, stabilize, and then reach maturity (MorenoMateos et al., 2020). ... Instead, studies should be based on key stages of the land reclamation process, such as the initial period, development ...
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The 1977 Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act requires coal companies to clean up damage as they mine. When mining is over, the land must be put back to "a condition capable of supporting the uses which it was capable of supporting prior to any mining." That's not how it generally works in practice.
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Acid mine drainage is the most severe and wellrecognized environmental problem related to coal mining and can impact surface waters, including lakes, ponds, creeks, and even entire watersheds. AMD is water typically with a pH less than 4 that drains from mine workings and from mine spoils, and coal refuse (called acid rock drainage).
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The 1,120 Piparwar opencast mining project was one of the largest coalproducing mines in Jharkhand before it closed operations in June 2020. Photo by Rakesh Ranjan. Read more: Kolar Gold fields: From fields of gold to a dust bowl. Environmentalists caution against unplanned reclamation process
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A Bloomberg News/NPR investigation found large coal companies used bankruptcy and asset transfers to move old mines to shaky new owners, putting at risk federally mandated land reclamation.
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authority to issue and enforce coal mining and reclamation permits. No tribe has established a regulatory program under Title V. OSMRE, in coordination with tribes, regulates coal mining on tribal lands. SMCRA requires coal mining operators regulated under Title V to provide a financial assurance, or performance bond, to the regulatory authority.
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Mine reclamation is the process of modifying land that has been mined to ecologically functional or economically usable state. Although the process of mine reclamation occurs once mining is completed, the planning of mine reclamation activities occurs prior to a mine being permitted or started.
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SMCRA requires coal mine operators to reclaim lands that were disturbed during mining and to submit a financial assurance in an amount sufficient to ensure that adequate funds will be available to complete reclamation if the operator does not do so.
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During mine development, the operator will determine whether mining will allow for reclamation of areas where mining is completed concurrent with ongoing mining in adjacent areas. Reclamation efforts, including, but not limited to, backfilling, grading, topsoil replacement and revegetation of all land that is disturbed by surface coal mining ...
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Surface roughness can be achieved by reduced smoothing and "treading in" of the surfaces during the reconstruction process, ... Zipper C (2000) Coal mine reclamation, acid mine drainage, and the Clean Water Act. In: Barnhisel RI (ed) Reclamation of drastically disturbed lands, 2nd ed. Agron. Monogr. 41. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, WI, pp ...
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This study provides a systematic solution and process for monitoring the disturbance and reclamation of surface coal mining in a large range with little known about the mines' location. It can effectively identify the mining disturbance and reclamation process which can also be extended to other areas, providing a quantitative assessment of ...
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Title IV of the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (SMCRA) created the AML Fund, which is funded primarily by a reclamation fee (also known as the AML fee) assessed on each ton of coal produced in the United States and that, among other things, provides funding to eligible States and Tribes for the reclamation of coal mining ...
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While the successful reclamation of coal postmining land sites in Indonesia has been evaluated, no costbenefit analysis has been carried out on the reclamation of mined land, and the impact of the reclamation work has not been determined. The results of this case study indicate that reclamation work is not an emissionfree process, but that the benefits delivered from this work are considerable.
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For these companies, the reclamation process goes handinhand with the mining itself; as new mines are carved out, old soil and grass goes back into exhausted mines to build back the land.
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Green Forests Work. Such aggressive bulldozing is part of a new and evolving approach to healing forests destroyed by decades of surface coal mining in Appalachia, from Alabama to Pennsylvania. These lands were supposed to have been reclaimed in recent decades under the 1977 federal Surface Mine Control and Reclamation Act.
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RECLAMATION Reclamation planning is an integral part of the entire mining process and begins before excavation is started. As discussed in Chapter 5, reclamation prac tices are, by definition, regulated by the SMCRA, which established minimum national standards for coal mining.
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Appalachian Voices estimated that the total cost of outstanding reclamation for all seven states at the time was to billion dollars, and that required bonding programs were likely to be ...
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The Abandoned Mine Land (AML) Reclamation Program uses fees paid by presentday coal mining companies to reclaim coal mines abandoned before 1977. This makes these areas safer for people and the environment. The Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA) of 1977, as amended, created this program. Provisions of the act set standards for ...
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The regulations in chapter VII of 30 CFR, consisting of parts 700 through 899, establish the procedures through which the Secretary of the Interior will implement the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (Pub. L. 9587, 91 Stat. 445 ( 30 1201 et. seq. )). Chapter VII is divided into 13 subchapters.
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A material supplier from Belgium would like to produce limestone powder for his custome...
India is rich in various mineral resources and it is an important mineral processing market
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